GOKHAN YESILYURT

MISCELLANEOUS

List of chemical elements
Z	Symbol	Element	Origin of name	Group	Period	Atomic weight ( u (±))	Density (g/cm3)	Melt (K)	Boil (K)	C (J/g · K)	χ	Abundance in Earth's crust (mg/kg)
1	H	Hydrogen	composed of the Greek elements hydro- and -gen meaning 'water-forming'	1	1	1.008	0.00008988	14.01	20.28	14.304	2.20	1400
2	He	Helium	the Greek helios, 'sun'	18	1	4.002602(2)	0.0001785	—	4.22	5.193	–	0.008
3	Li	Lithium	the Greek lithos, 'stone'	1	2	6.94	0.534	453.69	1560	3.582	0.98	20
4	Be	Beryllium	beryl, a mineral	2	2	9.0121831(5)	1.85	1560	2742	1.825	1.57	2.8
5	B	Boron	borax, a mineral	13	2	10.81	2.34	2349	4200	1.026	2.04	10
6	C	Carbon	the Latin carbo, 'coal'	14	2	12.011	2.267	3800	4300	0.709	2.55	200
7	N	Nitrogen	the Greek nitron and '-gen' meaning 'niter-forming'	15	2	14.007	0.0012506	63.15	77.36	1.04	3.04	19
8	O	Oxygen	from the Greek oxy-, both 'sharp' and 'acid', and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming'	16	2	15.999	0.001429	54.36	90.20	0.918	3.44	461000
9	F	Fluorine	the Latin fluere, 'to flow'	17	2	18.998403163(6)	0.001696	53.53	85.03	0.824	3.98	585
10	Ne	Neon	the Greek neos, meaning 'new'	18	2	20.1797(6)	0.0008999	24.56	27.07	1.03	–	0.005
11	Na	Sodium	the English word soda (natrium in Latin)	1	3	22.98976928(2)	0.971	370.87	1156	1.228	0.93	23600
12	Mg	Magnesium	Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece	2	3	24.305	1.738	923	1363	1.023	1.31	23300
13	Al	Aluminium	from alumina, a compound (originally alumium)	13	3	26.9815385(7)	2.698	933.47	2792	0.897	1.61	82300
14	Si	Silicon	from the Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium)	14	3	28.085	2.3296	1687	3538	0.705	1.9	282000
15	P	Phosphorus	the Greek phoosphoros, 'carrying light'	15	3	30.973761998(5)	1.82	317.30	550	0.769	2.19	1050
16	S	Sulfur	the Latin sulphur, 'fire and brimstone'	16	3	32.06	2.067	388.36	717.87	0.71	2.58	350
17	Cl	Chlorine	the Greek chloros, 'greenish yellow'	17	3	35.45	0.003214	171.6	239.11	0.479	3.16	145
18	Ar	Argon	the Greek argos, 'idle'	18	3	39.948(1)	0.0017837	83.80	87.30	0.52	–	3.5
19	K	Potassium	New Latin potassa, 'potash' (kalium in Latin)	1	4	39.0983(1)	0.862	336.53	1032	0.757	0.82	20900
20	Ca	Calcium	the Latin calx, 'lime'	2	4	40.078(4)	1.54	1115	1757	0.647	1	41500
21	Sc	Scandium	Scandia, the Latin name for Scandinavia	3	4	44.955908(5)	2.989	1814	3109	0.568	1.36	22
22	Ti	Titanium	Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology	4	4	47.867(1)	4.54	1941	3560	0.523	1.54	5650
23	V	Vanadium	Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja	5	4	50.9415(1)	6.11	2183	3680	0.489	1.63	120
24	Cr	Chromium	the Greek chroma, 'colour'	6	4	51.9961(6)	7.15	2180	2944	0.449	1.66	102
25	Mn	Manganese	corrupted from magnesia negra, see Magnesium	7	4	54.938044(3)	7.44	1519	2334	0.479	1.55	950
26	Fe	Iron	English word (ferrum in Latin)	8	4	55.845(2)	7.874	1811	3134	0.449	1.83	56300
27	Co	Cobalt	the German word Kobold, 'goblin'	9	4	58.933194(4)	8.86	1768	3200	0.421	1.88	25
28	Ni	Nickel	from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel	10	4	58.6934(4)	8.912	1728	3186	0.444	1.91	84
29	Cu	Copper	English word (Latin cuprum)	11	4	63.546(3)	8.96	1357.77	2835	0.385	1.9	60
30	Zn	Zinc	German word Zinke (prong, tooth)	12	4	65.38(2)	7.134	692.88	1180	0.388	1.65	70
31	Ga	Gallium	Gallia, the Latin name for France	13	4	69.723(1)	5.907	302.9146	2673	0.371	1.81	19
32	Ge	Germanium	Germania, the Latin name for Germany	14	4	72.630(8)	5.323	1211.40	3106	0.32	2.01	1.5
33	As	Arsenic	English word (Latin arsenicum)	15	4	74.921595(6)	5.776	1090	887	0.329	2.18	1.8
34	Se	Selenium	the Greek selene, 'moon'	16	4	78.971(8)	4.809	453	958	0.321	2.55	0.05
35	Br	Bromine	the Greek bromos, 'stench'	17	4	79.904	3.122	265.8	332.0	0.474	2.96	2.4
36	Kr	Krypton	the Greek kryptos, 'hidden'	18	4	83.798(2)	0.003733	115.79	119.93	0.248	3	1×10−4
37	Rb	Rubidium	the Latin rubidus, 'deep red'	1	5	85.4678(3)	1.532	312.46	961	0.363	0.82	90
38	Sr	Strontium	Strontian, a small town in Scotland	2	5	87.62(1)	2.64	1050	1655	0.301	0.95	370
39	Y	Yttrium	Ytterby, Sweden	3	5	88.90584(2)	4.469	1799	3609	0.298	1.22	33
40	Zr	Zirconium	Persian Zargun, 'gold-colored'; German Zirkoon, 'jargoon'	4	5	91.224(2)	6.506	2128	4682	0.278	1.33	165
41	Nb	Niobium	Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology	5	5	92.90637(2)	8.57	2750	5017	0.265	1.6	20
42	Mo	Molybdenum	the Greek molybdos meaning 'lead'	6	5	95.95(1)	10.22	2896	4912	0.251	2.16	1.2
43	Tc	Technetium	the Greek tekhnètos meaning 'artificial'	7	5	[98]	11.5	2430	4538	–	1.9	~ 3×10−9
44	Ru	Ruthenium	Ruthenia, the New Latin name for Russia	8	5	101.07(2)	12.37	2607	4423	0.238	2.2	0.001
45	Rh	Rhodium	the Greek rhodos, meaning 'rose coloured'	9	5	102.90550(2)	12.41	2237	3968	0.243	2.28	0.001
46	Pd	Palladium	the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time	10	5	106.42(1)	12.02	1828.05	3236	0.244	2.2	0.015
47	Ag	Silver	English word (argentum in Latin)	11	5	107.8682(2)	10.501	1234.93	2435	0.235	1.93	0.075
48	Cd	Cadmium	the New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos	12	5	112.414(4)	8.69	594.22	1040	0.232	1.69	0.159
49	In	Indium	indigo	13	5	114.818(1)	7.31	429.75	2345	0.233	1.78	0.25
50	Sn	Tin	English word (stannum in Latin)	14	5	118.710(7)	7.287	505.08	2875	0.228	1.96	2.3
51	Sb	Antimony	uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, 'against', and monos, 'alone', or the Old French antimoine, 'Monk's bane' (stibium in Latin)	15	5	121.760(1)	6.685	903.78	1860	0.207	2.05	0.2
52	Te	Tellurium	Latin tellus, 'earth'	16	5	127.60(3)	6.232	722.66	1261	0.202	2.1	0.001
53	I	Iodine	French iode (after the Greek ioeides, 'violet')	17	5	126.90447(3)	4.93	386.85	457.4	0.214	2.66	0.45
54	Xe	Xenon	the Greek xenos, 'strange'	18	5	131.293(6)	0.005887	161.4	165.03	0.158	2.6	3×10−5
55	Cs	Caesium	the Latin caesius, 'sky blue'	1	6	132.90545196(6)	1.873	301.59	944	0.242	0.79	3
56	Ba	Barium	the Greek barys, 'heavy'	2	6	137.327(7)	3.594	1000	2170	0.204	0.89	425
57	La	Lanthanum	the Greek lanthanein, 'to lie hidden'	3	6	138.90547(7)	6.145	1193	3737	0.195	1.1	39
58	Ce	Cerium	the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres, considered a planet at the time		6	140.116(1)	6.77	1068	3716	0.192	1.12	66.5
59	Pr	Praseodymium	the Greek praseios didymos meaning 'green twin'		6	140.90766(2)	6.773	1208	3793	0.193	1.13	9.2
60	Nd	Neodymium	the Greek neos didymos meaning 'new twin'		6	144.242(3)	7.007	1297	3347	0.19	1.14	41.5
61	Pm	Promethium	Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans		6	[145]	7.26	1315	3273	–	1.13	2×10−19
62	Sm	Samarium	Samarskite, the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated		6	150.36(2)	7.52	1345	2067	0.197	1.17	7.05
63	Eu	Europium	Europe		6	151.964(1)	5.243	1099	1802	0.182	1.2	2
64	Gd	Gadolinium	Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist		6	157.25(3)	7.895	1585	3546	0.236	1.2	6.2
65	Tb	Terbium	Ytterby, Sweden		6	158.92535(2)	8.229	1629	3503	0.182	1.2	1.2
66	Dy	Dysprosium	the Greek dysprositos, 'hard to get'		6	162.500(1)	8.55	1680	2840	0.17	1.22	5.2
67	Ho	Holmium	Holmia, the New Latin name for Stockholm		6	164.93033(2)	8.795	1734	2993	0.165	1.23	1.3
68	Er	Erbium	Ytterby, Sweden		6	167.259(3)	9.066	1802	3141	0.168	1.24	3.5
69	Tm	Thulium	Thule, the ancient name for Scandinavia		6	168.93422(2)	9.321	1818	2223	0.16	1.25	0.52
70	Yb	Ytterbium	Ytterby, Sweden		6	173.045(10)	6.965	1097	1469	0.155	1.1	3.2
71	Lu	Lutetium	Lutetia, the Latin name for Paris		6	174.9668(1)	9.84	1925	3675	0.154	1.27	0.8
72	Hf	Hafnium	Hafnia, the New Latin name for Copenhagen	4	6	178.49(2)	13.31	2506	4876	0.144	1.3	3
73	Ta	Tantalum	King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology	5	6	180.94788(2)	16.654	3290	5731	0.14	1.5	2
74	W	Tungsten	the Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (W is wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite)	6	6	183.84(1)	19.25	3695	5828	0.132	2.36	1.3
75	Re	Rhenium	Rhenus, the Latin name for the river Rhine	7	6	186.207(1)	21.02	3459	5869	0.137	1.9	7×10−4
76	Os	Osmium	the Greek osmè, meaning 'smell'	8	6	190.23(3)	22.61	3306	5285	0.13	2.2	0.002
77	Ir	Iridium	Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow	9	6	192.217(3)	22.56	2719	4701	0.131	2.2	0.001
78	Pt	Platinum	the Spanish platina, meaning 'little silver'	10	6	195.084(9)	21.46	2041.4	4098	0.133	2.28	0.005
79	Au	Gold	English word (aurum in Latin)	11	6	196.966569(5)	19.282	1337.33	3129	0.129	2.54	0.004
80	Hg	Mercury	the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver')	12	6	200.592(3)	13.5336	234.43	629.88	0.14	2	0.085
81	Tl	Thallium	the Greek thallos, 'green twig'	13	6	204.38	11.85	577	1746	0.129	1.62	0.85
82	Pb	Lead	English word (plumbum in Latin)	14	6	207.2(1)	11.342	600.61	2022	0.129	1.87	14
83	Bi	Bismuth	Uncertain, possibly Arabic or German	15	6	208.98040(1)	9.807	544.7	1837	0.122	2.02	0.009
84	Po	Polonium	Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of Radium	16	6	[209]	9.32	527	1235	–	2.0	2×10−10
85	At	Astatine	the Greek astatos, 'unstable'	17	6	[210]	7	575	610	–	2.2	3×10−20
86	Rn	Radon	From radium, as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay	18	6	[222]	0.00973	202	211.3	0.094	2.2	4×10−13
87	Fr	Francium	Francia, the New Latin name for France	1	7	[223]	1.87	300	950	–	0.7	~ 1×10−18
88	Ra	Radium	the Latin radius, 'ray'	2	7	[226]	5.5	973	2010	0.094	0.9	9×10−7
89	Ac	Actinium	the Greek aktis, 'ray'	3	7	[227]	10.07	1323	3471	0.12	1.1	5.5×10−10
90	Th	Thorium	Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder		7	232.0377(4)	11.72	2115	5061	0.113	1.3	9.6
91	Pa	Protactinium	the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium		7	231.03588(2)	15.37	1841	4300	–	1.5	1.4×10−6
92	U	Uranium	Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System		7	238.02891(3)	18.95	1405.3	4404	0.116	1.38	2.7
93	Np	Neptunium	Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System		7	[237]	20.45	917	4273	–	1.36	≤ 3×10−12
94	Pu	Plutonium	Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar System (then considered the ninth planet)		7	[244]	19.84	912.5	3501	–	1.28	≤ 3×10−11
95	Am	Americium	The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with europium		7	[243]	13.69	1449	2880	–	1.13	0
96	Cm	Curium	Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and chemist, named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium		7	[247]	13.51	1613	3383	–	1.28	0
97	Bk	Berkelium	Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with terbium		7	[247]	14.79	1259	2900	–	1.3	0
98	Cf	Californium	California, where the element was first synthesised		7	[251]	15.1	1173	(1743)	–	1.3	0
99	Es	Einsteinium	Albert Einstein, physicist		7	[252]	8.84	1133	(1269)	–	1.3	0
100	Fm	Fermium	Enrico Fermi, physicist		7	[257]	(9.7)	(1125)	–	–	1.3	0
101	Md	Mendelevium	Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist and inventor		7	[258]	(10.3)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	0
102	No	Nobelium	Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor of dynamite		7	[259]	(9.9)	(1100)	–	–	1.3	0
103	Lr	Lawrencium	Ernest O. Lawrence, physicist		7	[266]	(15.6)	(1900)	–	–	1.3	0
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist	4	7	[267]	(23.2)	(2400)	(5800)	–	–	0
105	Db	Dubnium	Dubna, Russia	5	7	[268]	(29.3)	–	–	–	–	0
106	Sg	Seaborgium	Glenn T. Seaborg, scientist	6	7	[269]	(35.0)	–	–	–	–	0
107	Bh	Bohrium	Niels Bohr, physicist	7	7	[270]	(37.1)	–	–	–	–	0
108	Hs	Hassium	Hesse, Germany, where the element was first synthesised	8	7	[277]	(40.7)	–	–	–	–	0
109	Mt	Meitnerium	Lise Meitner, physicist	9	7	[278]	(37.4)	–	–	–	–	0
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised	10	7	[281]	(34.8)	–	–	–	–	0
111	Rg	Roentgenium	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist	11	7	[282]	(28.7)	–	–	–	–	0
112	Cn	Copernicium	Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer	12	7	[285]	(23.7)	–	~357	–	–	0
113	Nh	Nihonium	the Japanese name for Japan, Nihon, where the element was first synthesised	13	7	[286]	(16)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	0
114	Fl	Flerovium	Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the element was synthesised; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist	14	7	[289]	(14)	–	~210	–	–	0
115	Mc	Moscovium	Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised	15	7	[290]	(13.5)	(700)	(1400)	–	–	0
116	Lv	Livermorium	Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in Livermore, California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis	16	7	[293]	(12.9)	(709)	(1085)	–	–	0
117	Ts	Tennessine	Tennessee, United States	17	7	[294]	(7.2)	(723)	(883)	–	–	0
118	Og	Oganesson	Yuri Oganessian, physicist	18	7	[294]	(5.0)	–	(350)	–	–	0